Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. Lectures and Notes on Shakspere
and Other English Poets. Ed. T. Ashe. London: George Bell and Sons, 1897. Shakespeare Navigators. <https://shakespeare-navigators.com/hamlet/Coleridge>
346             NOTES ON SOME OTHER             [1818
costume, by throwing the date back into a fabulous reign. But as of more importance, so more striking, is judgment displayed by our truly dramatic poet, as well as poet of the drama, in the management of his first scenes. With the single exception of "Cymbeline," they either place before us at one glance both the past and the future in some effect, which implies the continuance and full agency of its cause, as in the feuds and party-spirit of the servants of the two houses in the first scene of "Romeo and Juliet;" or in the degrading passion for shows and public spectacles, and the overwhelming attachment for the newest successful war-chief in the Roman people, already become a populace, contrasted with the jealousy of the nobles in "Julius Caesar;" -- or they at once commence the action so as to excite a curiosity for the explanation in the following scenes, as in the storm of wind and waves, and the boatswain in the "Tempest," instead of anticipating our curiosity, as in most other first scenes, and in too many other first acts; -- or they act, by contrast of diction suited to the characters at once to heighten the effect, and yet to give a naturalness to the language and rhythm of the principal personages, either as that of Prospero and Miranda by the appropriate lowness of the style, -- or as in "King John," by the equally appropriate stateliness of official harangues or narratives, so that the after blank verse seems to belong to the rank and quality of the speakers, and not to the poet; -- or they strike at once the key-note, and give the predominant spirit of the play, as in the "Twelfth Night," and in "Macbeth;" -- or finally, the first scene comprises all these advantages at once, as in "Hamlet."
     Compare the easy language of common life, in which this drama commences, with the direful music and wild wayward rhythm and abrupt lyrics of the opening of
SECT. IV.]             PLAYS OF SHAKSPERE.             347


"Macbeth." The tone is quite familiar; -- there is no poetic description of night, no elaborate information conveyed by one speaker to another of what both had immediately before their senses -- (such as the first distich in Addison's "Cato,"1 which is a translation into poetry of "Past four o'clock and a dark morning!"); -- and yet nothing bordering on the comic on the one hand, nor any striving of the intellect on the other. It is precisely the language of sensation among men who feared no charge of effeminacy, for feeling what they had no want of resolution to bear. Yet the armour, the dead silence, the watchfulness that first interrupts it, the welcome relief of the guard, the cold, the broken expressions of compelled attention to bodily feelings still under control -- all excellently accord with, and prepare for, the after gradual rise into tragedy; -- but, above all, into a tragedy, the interest of which is as eminently ad et apud intra, as that of "Macbeth" is directly ad extra.
     In all the best attested stories of ghosts and visions, as in that of Brutus, of Archbishop Cranmer, that of Benvenuto Cellini recorded by himself, and the vision of Galileo communicated by him to his favourite pupil Torricelli, the ghost-seers were in a state of cold or chilling damp from without, and of anxiety inwardly. It has been with all of them as with Francisco on his guard, -- alone, in the depth and silence of the night; -- "'twas bitter cold, and they were sick at heart, and not a mouse stirring." The attention to minute sounds, -- naturally associated with the recollection of minute objects, and the more familiar and trifling, the more impressive from the unusualness of their producing any impression at all -- gives a philosophic per-




   1"The dawn is overcast, the morning lowers,
   And heavily in clouds brings on the day,
   The great, the important day, big with the fate
   Of Cato and of Rome."